Good signs

Having seen a few frogs during the week, I went up to the place where I always see the first spawn, and every ditch and pool was full:

Batches of Frogspawn

The area covered by that shot is perhaps 50 x 100 cm., so there's a lot of spawn already in place.

Surprisingly enough, that location is very near our highest local point, but the much more likely lower areas are still empty, although I've heard plenty of croaking there.

While I was up there I checked out the local mosses and lichens. The first specimen is the foliose lichen Peltigera membranacea, also known as Rabbit Paw lichen:

The foliose lichen Peltigera membranacea

The amazing colour is accurate.

The next shot has many species of moss and lichen including Racomitrium lanuginosum (centre), Polytrichum urnigerum (male, dotted round the Racomitrium), and I can tell that the white stone to the lower centre has been moved quite recently because it is dotted with Trapelia coarctata, which is one of the pioneering lichens and usually appears very briefly before it gives way to secondary and more persistent species:

Lichens and mosses 

Another prominent lichen is Lecidia lithophila, which is recognised by the orange/brown thallus (body) and black fruitbodies:

Lichens and mosses

Notice that the Lecidea is being parasitised (or at least replaced) by the grey Porpidia-type lichen that is encroaching from the left.

Coltsfoot in full flower is a pleasant reminder that spring is almost upon us:

Coltsfoot

Perhaps a bit more surprising is a colony of Cow Parsley which is in full flower:

Cow Parsley

This is also at fairly high altitude, and not particularly sheltered. Since other nearby specimens are also either in flower or in bud, I have to assume it's an early-flowering sport or strain, because the location isn't any more favourable than many other areas where the plants are just coming into leaf.

Small but beautiful

As I mentioned the other day, we're moving into a good time to have a look at mosses. They tend to start making their spore capsules around now and they're often very attractive whilst the capsules develop and before they mature and dry off.

Polytrichum urnigerum

Capsules of Polytrichum urnigerum

Although they are considered to be some of our most primitive plants (spores vs. flowers, pollen and seeds), the life-cycle of mosses is rather complex, and it took me a while to work it all out.

There are two generations in the reproductive life-cycle: a vegetative stage (the green plants you see) and a dependent stage (the spore-bearing capsule and its associated stem [seta]). Spores are produced in the capsule and are dispersed by air or water (or, indeed, insects) and these each result in a male or female plant. Male plants produce gametes, which swim to fertilise the female egg. This fertilised egg develops into the seta and spore capsule, which are then parasitic on the female plant (capsules and setae have no chlorophyll, and therefore need to absorb food from the female parent). So each capsule-bearing 'plant' is actually two generations: the mother (with leaves) and the child (the capsule and seta). 

Setae of Ceratodon purpureus

All parts of a moss can be truly beautiful if looked at closely, but you really do have to 'get down to their level' both physically and metaphorically to appreciate just how beautiful they can be.

Mosses can be quite tricky to identify at first, with most needing microscopic analysis of leaves and some requiring examination of capsules. I have found, however, that once the initial identification has been performed, most specimens are readily identifiable in situ.

Mosses often grow in similar habitats to our other 'primitive' plants - liverworts and ferns - and also lichens.

Lichens are usually thought of as the flattish marks on walls and trees, but some of them appear to be quite leafy, as in the Peltigera family of Dog Lichens:

Fruit bodies of Peltigera hymenina

In common with all lichens, Peltigera are an association of a fungus and its trapped alga(e). The fungus provides the physical structure and the alga provides nutrients from sunlight. The orange fruitbodies shown above are purely fungal, and produce fungal spores in the same way as an independent fungus does.

(I'm just getting to grips with the new formatting tools)